SHOT TYPES
- Establishing shot
- Long shot
- Medium shot
- Medium Close Up
- Close Up
- Extreme Close Up
- Cut Away Shot
ANGLES
- High Angle
- Low Angle
- Eye Level
- Birds Eye
- Worms Eye
- Over the Shoulder
- POV Shot
MOVEMENT
- Zoom In
- Zoom Out
- Hitchcock Zoom
- Pan (left/right)
- Swish pan (fast/blur)
- Tilt/Dutch Tilt
- Tracking Shot
Sound
OBJECTIVES
- Understand why sound is used
- Have a working knowledge of sound and its terminology
- Be able to analyse the use of sound
DIEGETIC SOUND
Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film:
- Voices of characters
- Sound made by objects in the story
- Music represented as coming from an instruments in the story space (music source)
Diegetic sound is any sound presented as originated from source within the film's world.
Diegetic sound can be either on screen or off screen depending on whatever its source is within the frame or outside the frame.
Another term for diegetic sound is ACTUAL SOUND.
- Diegesis is a Greek word for 'recounted story'
- The film's diegesis is the total world of the story action
NON-DIEGETIC SOUND
Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action:
- Narrator's commentary
- Sound effects which is added for the dramatic effect
- Mood music
Non-diegetic sound is represented as coming from a source outside story space.
The distinction between diegetic or non-diegetic sound depends on our understanding of the conventions of film viewing and listening. We know of that certain sounds are represented as coming form outside the space of the story events. A play with diegetic and non-diegetic conventions can be used to create ambiguity (horror), or to surprise the audience (comedy).
TITLE MUSIC
This is the theme tune, all theme tunes vary and have connotation concerning themes/genre ect.
SYNCHRONOUS SOUND
Synchronous Sounds are those sounds which are synchronised or matched with what is viewed. For example: if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected.
THE SCORE / INCIDENTAL MUSIC
Orchestral music used to connote tone/atmosphere.
SOUND MOTIFS
Sounds that were used to show a certain character (e.g. a villain) is about to appear or to show something good/bad is about to happen.
SOUND EFFECTS
These can be diegetic or non-diegetic depending on whether they have been added to create realism or connote atmosphere.
DIALOGUE
Characters speaking (this progresses the narrative and reveals the character's personality/views to the audience).
VOICE OVER
Used to give the audience an insight into the thoughts of the character (creating a bond between character and audience), set the scene or progress the narrative.
AMBIENT SOUND
Natural background sound (everything you would hear in the scene) used to create realism.
SOUND BRIDGE
Sound runs between shots, linking them together and helping the narrative flow (e.g. music can be used linking scenes to ensure tension is maintained).
Editing
CONTINUITY EDITING
Seamless - uses 180 degree rule, camera stays on one side of the action in a scene so as not to confuse the viewer, other techniques like eye-line match shots are also used.
PARALLEL EDITING (CROSS CUTTING)
This is the technique of continuously alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations.
EYE-LINE MATCH
A cut in which two characters in different scenes appear to look at each other because of the direction of their glances.
MATCHED CUTS
Varied camera positions and angles of the same scene.
SHOT/REVERSE SHOT
Switches the point of views of speakers in the scene.
FADES
Deliberate fades to black connotes parts of the scene/action ending.
SPECIAL EFFECTS
CGI (computer generated images)
GRAPHIC MATCH
Any juxtaposition of similar images.
MONTAGE
The sequence and order of shots.
MOVEMENT MATCH
Action begun in one shot is continued/completed in the next.
JUMP CUTS
A break or jump in time, caused by removing a section of a shot then splicing together what remains of it; appears jerky.
LONG TAKE
A movie clip that is following someone around for a long time.
SLOW MOTION
IRIS-IN
Image gradually reveals from blackness through expanding circle
IRIS-OUT
Reverse of Iris-in.
Editing
CONTINUITY EDITING
Seamless - uses 180 degree rule, camera stays on one side of the action in a scene so as not to confuse the viewer, other techniques like eye-line match shots are also used.
PARALLEL EDITING (CROSS CUTTING)
This is the technique of continuously alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations.
EYE-LINE MATCH
A cut in which two characters in different scenes appear to look at each other because of the direction of their glances.
MATCHED CUTS
Varied camera positions and angles of the same scene.
SHOT/REVERSE SHOT
Switches the point of views of speakers in the scene.
FADES
Deliberate fades to black connotes parts of the scene/action ending.
SPECIAL EFFECTS
CGI (computer generated images)
GRAPHIC MATCH
Any juxtaposition of similar images.
MONTAGE
The sequence and order of shots.
MOVEMENT MATCH
Action begun in one shot is continued/completed in the next.
JUMP CUTS
A break or jump in time, caused by removing a section of a shot then splicing together what remains of it; appears jerky.
LONG TAKE
A movie clip that is following someone around for a long time.
SLOW MOTION
IRIS-IN
Image gradually reveals from blackness through expanding circle
IRIS-OUT
Reverse of Iris-in.
